In Chinese, a verb can be followed by an adjective or another verb to indicate the result of an action. The adjective or the second verb is called a resultative complement.
例如：我吃饱了。你们都听懂了吗？屋子收拾干净了。今天上课我来晚了。小姑娘哭红了眼睛。
趋向补语 Directional Complements
The simplest directional complements are formed from direction verbs and either 来 or 去 to indicate motion toward or away from the speaker. There are six basic direction verbs: 上, 下, 进, 出, 回, and 过. Any action verb that involves directional movement may become a compound directional complement. 例如：请你把门关上。他想出了一个办法。他向我走过来。天慢慢黑下来了。这件事你可不能说出去！
状态补语 State Complements
A state complement is usually placed after a verb or an adjective, with the structural particle 得.
例如：他每天睡得很晚。我唱得好吗？你说得非常对，我完全同意。我急得到处找人打听消息。她听得入了迷。
可能补语 Potential Complements
Potential Complements are formed by inserting 得 or 不 between a verb and a resultative complement. 例如：我看不见黑板上的字。你完不成这个任务。我没时间，去不了了。没人比得上他。你去哪儿我都找得着你！他什么坏事都做得出来！那推针的手，轻不得、重不得、慢不得、快不得。
陈述句：用来叙述或说明情况、带有陈述语调的句子。
例如：女生占学生人数的56%。
Women make up 56% of the student numbers.
许多国家在学校开设汉语课程。
Many countries set up Chinese courses in their schools.
A nominal predicate sentences has a noun phrase as the main predicate of the sentence. The basic structure is: Subject + Nominal Predicate.
例如：今天星期天。明天晴天。他北京人。那个孩子大眼睛，红头发。你都十八岁了。这张桌子三条腿。……
动词谓语句 Verb-Predicate Sentences
There are 3 basic structures of Verbal Predicate Sentences, including:
A. Subject + Verbal Predicate + Object [主谓宾结构]，例如：她昨天去北京了。
B. Subject + Verbal predicate，例如：你来。
C. subject + Verbal predicate + Indirect object + Direct object，例如：我送给她一朵花。
判断句 Equational Sentences 是字句 是-Sentences
A 是-sentence uses the verb 是 as the predicate. Subject + 是 + Object， 例如：我是学生。
存现句 Existential Sentences
An existential sentence is one that indicates the existence, appearance of a thing or a person. At the beginning of such sentences, the time/place phrase must be used. 例如：花园的旁边是一条河。教室里坐着很多学生。那边跑来一个小男孩。
存现句 - 有字句 有-Sentences
A 有-sentence uses 有 as the predicate, indicating 'possession' or 'existence'. Subject + 有 + Object. 例如：山上有个庙。
把字句 把-Sentences
In a 把-sentence with a verbal predicate, the preposition 把 and its object act as the adverbial adjunct.
Subject + [把 + Receiver of the action] + [Verbal Predicate] + [Other Elements]. 例如：她把衣服洗干净了。请你把门打开。
被动句 Passive Voice Sentences 被字句 Bei-Constructions
In a passive voice sentence, passive preposition 被/让/叫/给 and its object act as an adverbial adjunct to modify the verbal predicate. It illustrates an action that is not done by the subject.
Person or thing acted on + 被/让/叫/给 + the actor + verb + Other Elements. 例如：我的猫被一只老鼠咬伤了。你的车叫谁开走了？蛋糕都给他吃完了。
比字句 比-Sentences
A 比 B + Adjective is the basic expression for comparison in 比-Sentences. In Chinese, adjectives do not have comparative and superlative form. 例如：你比他高。
A比B + (Adv.) Adj./Verb + (Numeral-Measure Word + Noun) 例如：孩子一天比一天大了，父母一年比一年老了。
Negative Forms, 例如：今天没有比昨天热。纽约的天气不如加州的好。
If a verb has an object, the verb should be reduplicated.
例如：我开车比她开得好多了。
The A比B structure can be used adverbially. In this case, it can be added between the subject and the adjective or verb.他在学校比在家里高兴多了。
连谓句 Serial Verb Constructions
A sentence with verbal constructions in sequence is one in which the subject has 2 or more verbal phrases as predicates. 例如：我去图书馆借书。我每天坐校车去学校。
兼语句 Pivotal Constructions
A pivotal sentence has 2 predicates, while the object of the first predicate is at the same time the subject of the second. The element that is used as the object of the first predicate and the subject of the 2nd is called the pivot. 例如：老师叫大家安静。我感谢你告诉我这件事。妈妈送弟弟去上学。
双宾句 Double-Object Constructions
Double Object Sentence is a sentence with both direct and indirect objects. Subject + Verbal predicate + Indirect object + Direct object. 例如：我给他一本书。
形容词谓语句 Adjective-Predicate Sentences
An adjectival predicate sentence has an adjective as the predicate to describe the character of a person or a thing. Subject + Adjectival predicate. 例如：我很高兴。这个蛋糕真好吃。天气暖和起来。
主谓谓语句 Claual-Predicate Sentences
There is a unique sentence in Chinese named subject-predicate predicate sentences. Subject + Subject-Predicate Structure. 例如：这本小说我看过。他一个字都不认识。这个人我好像见过。
B.非主谓句 Non-Subject-Predicate Sentences
独词句 One-Word Sentences
例如：下课！放学！糟糕！停！ “我能坐这儿吗？当然。” “你还记得她吗？记得。”
名词非主谓句 Nominal Non-subject-predicate Sentences
The sentence composed of a single word/phrase other than the subject-predicate structure is called a non-subject-predicate sentence. Nominal non-subject-predicate sentence includes:
In a coordinate complex sentence, every clause describes different aspects of the subject. (一边…，一边…。…，也…。（也）…，也…。一会儿…，一会儿…。一方面…，另一方面…。又…又…。不是…，而是…。既…，又/也…。时而…，时而…。一时…一时…。一面…，一面…。)
例如：
她一边干活一边大声歌唱。
She sang loudly as she worked.
一方面，他们想要孩子，另一方面，他们又不想放弃自由自在的生活。
On the one hand they'd love to have kids, on the other hand, they don't want to give up their free life.
她一面喝着咖啡，一面看着报纸。
She was drinking coffee while reading the newspaper.
有人既无房屋，又无工作，又无家庭。
There are people without homes, jobs or family.
现在社会的情形不是看你知道什么，而是看你认识谁。
The current situation in society depends not on what you know, but on who you know.
In a successive complex sentence, consecutive clauses describe things happen or come one after the other. (先…，再/然后…。首先…，然后…。首先…，其次…。…，于是…。…便…。…，此后…。起初…，…才…。)
例如：
鞋子要先穿上试一试再买。
Try the shoes on before you buy them.
首先，我们去购物，然后看电影。
First, we go to shopping and then watch the movie.
首先是价格贵，其次，速度太慢。
Firstly, it's expensive, and secondly, it's too slow.
她的健康状况急剧恶化，此后她再未离开过家。
Her health declined rapidly and she has not left home since.
In a progressive complex sentence, the second clause aggravates or expands the meaning of the first. …，更/还…。不但…，而且…。…，并且…。不仅/不光…，还/而且…。…，甚至…。连…也/都…，…更…。不是…，还/还是…。不但不/不但没有…，反而…。别说…，连…也/都…；连…也/都…，别说…；别说…，即使…也…；即使…也…，别说…。
…，何况…。…，进而…。…，况且…。连…，更不用说…。…，乃至…。…，且…。…，甚至于…。
例如：
他不但读了这本书，而且记得所读的内容。
He not only read the book, but also remembered what he had read.
他们之间相互怀疑甚至极度仇恨。
There was suspicion and even downright hatred between them.
在街上，甚至连一只狗也看不见。
In the streets, not even a dog could be seen.
这样的天气连慢慢散步都太热。
It was too hot even for a gentle stroll.
很多人不但没有因苦难而成长，反而变得苦毒。
Many people become bitter, rather than better, and never grow up.
In an alternative complex sentence, every clause illustrates different elements and offers the possibility of selection. 是…，还是…。不是…，就是…。或者…，或者…。或是…，或是…。要么…，要么…。或…，或…。宁可/宁愿…，也…。与其…，不如…。与其…，宁可/宁愿…。
例如：
他是放弃了，还是在继续努力？
Did he give up or keep on trying?
那些包裹或被检查，或被移走。
Those packages were either inspected or removed.
要么你和他谈，要么我来。
Either you can talk to him, or I will.
在自然数的集合里，每个数字不是奇数就是偶数。
In the set of natural numbers, every number is either odd or even.
In a preferential complex sentence, two clauses put forward 2 different actions. The subject prefers one of them more than the other. The subordinate clause indicates rejecting, and the main clause indicates accepting. 例如：与其…，不如…。宁可/宁愿…，也不…。
例如：
与其让别人猜，不如告诉他们真相。
Instead of letting people guess, tell them the truth.
他宁可看一部无聊的电影，也不想独自坐着。
He would rather watch a boring movie than sit alone.
In a conditional complex sentence, the subordinate clause states the condition and the main clause expresses the result which depends on that condition. 只有…，才…。不管…，都/也…。无论…，都/也…。除非…，才…。除非…，否则/不然…。凡是…，都…。别管…，都…。任…，也…。
例句:
在足球比赛中，只有守门员才可用手接球。
In soccer, only goalkeepers may use their hands to play the ball.
不管她怎么用力推门，门都打不开。
The door wouldn't open, no matter how hard she pushed.
除非你真的打算去，否则千万不要接受邀请。
You should never accept an invitation unless you really plan to go.
别管是谁，一律按原则办事。
No matter who it is, we'll act according to principle.
In a hypothetical complex sentence, the subordinate clause propose a hypothesis and the main clause explains the effect of that hypothesis. 如果…，就…。…的话，就…。只要…，就…。要是…，就…。…，否则…。假如…，（就）…。万一…，（就）…。一旦…，就…。要是…，（就）…，否则…。…，要不然/不然…。倘若/若…，…。倘若/假设/假使/若…，就/那（么）…。幸亏…，要不然/不然/要不/否则…。
例如：
如果你没有钱，你就无能为力。
If you don't have money, you're powerless.
要是下雨的话，我们就肯定湿透了。
If it rains, we'll be definitely soaked.
万一你需要帮助的话，这是我的电话号码。
In case you should need any help, here's my number.
假如我是你的话，我会再等一会儿。
I should wait a little longer, if I were you.
In a purposive complex sentence, the subordinate clause states the purpose, and the main clause explains the action taken for this purpose. 为了…，…。…，好…。…，为的是…。…，以便…。…，以…。…，以免/免得…。
例如：
我们站起身来以便看得更清楚。
We stood up in order to get a better view.
他们早起，为的是看日出。
They got up early to watch the sun come up.
我们低声交谈，以免别人听到。
We talked quietly so as not to be overheard.
In a causative complex sentence, the subordinate clause explains the reason, and the main clause shows the result.
因为…，所以…。（由于）…，所以/因此…。既然…，就…。…，可见…。…，因而…。因…，故…。鉴于…，…。由于…，以致…。…，以至于…。之所以…，是因为/是由于…。
例如：
警察来了，于是我们就溜走了。
The police arrived, so we scarpered.
因为我害怕光，所以戴着一副太阳眼镜。
I wear a pair of sunglasses because I'm afraid of light.
由于某种个人原因，我将不能出席。
For certain personal reasons I shall not be able to attend.
她如此喜欢旅游，以至于旅游已经成为她生活的一部分。
She likes travelling so much it's become a way of life for her.
发言者双手颤抖，可见他很紧张。
The shake of the speaker's hands betrayed his nervousness.
In an adversative complex sentence, the first clause is the subordinate and the second is the main clause, and they express the opposite meanings to each other.
虽然…，但是/可是…。…，不过…。…X是X，就是/不过…。…，然而…。尽管…，但是/可是…。虽…，但/可/却/也…。…，而…（则）…。…，…倒/反倒…。…，其实…。
例如：
那些灯虽然是假的，但是看起来像真的。
Those lights are fake, but look real.
她想当演员，可是她父母不同意。
She wants to be an actress, but her parents disapprove.
他们正在寻求资金，然而根本找不到。
They are seeking more funds but the cupboard is bare.
他们吵过架，不过现在又和好了。
They had a quarrel, but they're friends again now.
他以为我讨厌他，其实不是那么回事。
He thinks I dislike him but that just isn't so.
According to the information given in the concession clause, the things mentioned in the main clause are surprising and unexpected. 哪怕…，也/还…。即使…，也…。就算/就是…也…。固然…，也…。…固然…，但是/可是/不过…。即便…，也…。虽说…，但是/可是/不过…。纵然…，也…。
例如：
即使在压力之下，他也从不感到沮丧。
He never gets ruffled , even under pressure.
就算你对了，也不该那么说呀！
Even if you are right, that's not the way to put it.
哪怕你是一只驼鹿，你都可以买到快餐。
Even if you're a moose, you can get fast food.
虽说可能有点蠢，但它毕竟是一件大事。
It might be a silly thing, but it's still a thing.
